Criminal Procedures in the News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal Procedures in the News - Essay Example Safety measures have been given the topmost priority. All the cities are under heavy security. Surveillance is the one of the safety measures employed to check criminal activities. Though sometimes these activities may breach privacy policies citizens of America should understand that it is for their own good. After 9/11 the American policies towards international community has changed considerably. As President Bush said you are with us or against us. The main victims of criminal are the innocent citizens. Mostly children are attracted towards criminal activities. In the recent past we have seen the news of gun firing in schools and other educational institutions. These incidents indicates that how the society has been disturbed. There is no safety not even in their home state and in their own house. Though the police department and other security agencies are providing foolproof security no one knows who will strike terror and from where. The students and other children involved in shootouts were sent to juvenile homes. They were treated as juveniles. Special psychological treatments were given o them. Juvenile homes make every effort to turn them into responsible citizens. The main reason for children committing crimes is the domestic violence.

Business Relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Relationships - Essay Example Most business relationships contain elements of cooperation. In addition, business relationships include competition. Further, business relationships include Internal Demand Management, Also, business relationships include Relationship and Supplier Selection. Plus, business relationships include Customer Relationship Strategy. And, buyer-Supplier Negotiation. Further, most business relationships contain elements of cooperation. Often, the cooperation being companies in the same market segment starts before any formal agreement has been perfected. one company even developed the political power to try to solve some of its own business problems by searching and forging an alliance with other business organizations. It had to address some of the issues in terms of reversing its sales slowdown. Many companies will present their best assets and income generating plans to its prospective partner organisation in order to win its nod to the merger. Many companies enter into mergers and consolidations by contributing money industry and business secrets with the end in mind of distributing any profits among themselves after each accounting period ends (Child, and Faulkner 1998, 84). And, this means that many companies join mergers and consolidations by taking into consideration the structure and system that are to form the basic framework for bringing their strong business alliances to life. Many companies consider their prospective partners' complementary part in their business union by taking into consideration the assets, skills and the possible synergies that could crop up as result of the business union. Many companies take into consideration the culture of the other company interested to join a merger or consolidation. Many organisations enter into informal merger or combination with other companies in the same line of business. For, many partners want to have a fair and reliable business agreement with other companies. Many of these partnerships agree to have fair and reliable agreement. These business agreements generally include the division of profits, segregation customer base, and other related concerns that would result to a fruitful relationship. In short, one of the most important topics that businesses combining with other businesses discuss is the appropriate value given to assets, liabilities, capital, revenues and expenses (Child, and Faulkner 1998, 84). In addition, business relationships include competition. Many companies have launched their products in the market with the hope that they will be able to swallow a large portion of the competitors' market share in terms of products. The political economy approach often brings a health competition among the different companies engaged in the same kind of business. international business have joined together in order to increase their market share over their competitors in the business wold. Today, the business environment has been renovated and innovated in terms of urban setting. Many competitors have bonded together to improve the lives of the employees as a member of its fold as well as their families (Clark 1999, 133).Cooperation crosses many boundaries. The beneficiaries of the public goods come from many countries, age, sex, beliefs and other diversities. The cooperation between two companies include companies located in both the

Throckmorten Furniture Essay Example for Free

Throckmorten Furniture Essay Question # 1 Before the customer buys a product that is very important to him and is quite expensive he will go through a process. This process commences when the customer feel a sort of deprivation, a motive to buy that commodity. Once that motive becomes more intense it becomes a drive and forces him to take a course of action as to attain the product. So now the customer’s starts gathering information about the good he wants to buy. After that he will weight the pros and cons of all the alternatives he could think of as to decide upon the best possible alternative. After he is confident about his decision, with the support of his findings, he will actually make the purchase. The process doesn’t stop quite yet the consumer will also experience a post purchase satisfaction or dissatisfaction as per his experience with the product he bought. If he feels that his money spent was well spent then he will spread positive word of mouth about the product and where he got it from and hence become a loyal customer. Else, he will provide negative publicity for the company and its products and this in turn will stain the image of the company. Likewise to the above stated process our consumers who buy furniture will also go through the same experience. The need to buy the furniture can be aroused from many sources like a magazine. If the consumer sees a magazine in which there is a living room which is so nicely decorated he might feel that his own living room isn’t good enough and feels that he also has to upgrade. Nevertheless the drive to get new furniture could also be building up in the consumer for many years but due to the fact that he couldn’t afford it, the barrier coming in between him and his purchase. The need arousal for the furniture can be countless depending on the personality types of different consumers. After the urge to get the new furniture is strong the customer will go to various sources to collect information on the furniture type. He will pay more attention to advertisement which emphasizes the benefit of a particular type of furniture material. He will also seek advice from friends and family as he feels that their advice is more â€Å"original† as there is nothing in it for them if they recommend a particular furniture type. Whereas if the sales person of a particular store recommends the same thing to the customer he would look at it with more skepticisms as he feel that there is something in it for the sales person a commission or a bonus. Hence the customer always looks towards friends and family for the best possible advice. At times some of the members in the family are opinion leaders who the consumer thinks knows everything and will help him make the right decision. Nevertheless, the internet is also a very popular source for seeking information in this present day and age. With just a click the consumer can get all the possible information about the best raw material, the best prices, etc. the reason why the consumers goes to such a length to seek information is that he has no idea about furnitures. He wants to make the best decision but for this he first needs to educate himself. The consumers will evaluate furniture of varying stores keeping in mind the image of the store, the image of the brand, sales of the furniture piece, comparative advantage of the brand with competition, etc. After the various brands have been compared the time comes to make the final decision. It’s logical to assume that the consumer will select that brand which has the highest rating on the criteria’s that are most important to him. After this the consumer will realize how good or bad his decision was after the furniture’s being used. If he feel that the furniture looks and feels good and friends and relatives has showered him with praises on his decision then he will be delighted with his judgment. Else he will just be stuck with something because he spent a lot of money on it. Question # 2 Throckmorten Furniture has established itself as a unique designer and expensive store. It aims to cover the upper –middle class. Its furniture is expensive but nevertheless it enhances the prestige of the customer. The furniture is meant to satisfy the consumer’s emotional desire of having a unique one of its kind product. Throckmorten Furniture provides its consumers the benefit of its products uniqueness and exclusiveness which is provided by the furniture fabulous shape and design and durable quality. The consumers know that if they buy the furniture from this store they will be getting something more than furniture and that very fact becomes their motive to buy from Throckmorten. Furthermore, the services that Throckmorten provides to its consumers have given it the edge of retaining and further attracting consumer. Throckmorten Furniture feels that the consumers are the most valuable asset which they have to take care of that is why they have always stayed proactive and hired a well equipped sales force which knows how to treat their customers. The corporation follows the marketing principle that is why it makes the furniture types that the consumers would like to see in their houses. Their constant endeavor to strive for excellence has provided them with an edge that makes it so popular. Throckmorten Furniture is able to provide this unique value to their customers by continuously focusing on the quality of its products, may it be raw material, work in process or finished goods Throckmorten has always tried to make the process more efficient by reducing wastages but in that attempt not compromising on the products quality. Quality is very important for this company and it knows that very well that is why they have quality control at each part of the process. Throckmorten Furniture provides the service value to its consumer by spending a lot of money in hiring the right salesperson. They have places a handsome amount of money in the training of their sales staff as well. Question # 3 Throckmorten can offer its customers guarantee for their furniture. The customers can get a money back or exchange for their furniture if they are not satisfied. This will decrease the fear that normally creeps into consumers’ mind when they buy such expensive furniture that â€Å"they would be stuck with it even if they don’t like it†. This would be a unique value that the company would be providing to its customers and would definitely give them an edge as far as competition is concerned. Doing this will be a bit more complicated as now the corporate would have to examine the furniture to see that’s it not damaged and will also have to tackle fraudulent claims by some customers who want to misuse this facility. This after sales service would prove to the customers that Throckmorten is very confident about its products. Not many furniture companies would be willing to take such a step and that is the very fact that would lead to positive publicity for Throckmorten. Question # 4 Promotion of the product is very important for the furniture industry as the consumers have little knowledge about varying furniture types they maybe scared of making a purchase decision. So it’s the job of the industry to educate them of the specification of this industry. As various survey indicate the customers likes the experience of shopping for furniture they find it enjoying but nonetheless when the point comes to make the final decision they just feel that they aren’t ready for that. The loss they would experience is too immense, so this is why the furniture industry has to show the consumers how easy the task really is. The home furnishing council print advertisement was a fantastic way to put the consumer at ease. After reading it the consumer feels that buying new furniture isn’t that difficult or scary. Hence the company should focus on promoting the product. The more the customers see the print advertisement, the more familiar they will become with the brand. This will lead to the creation of a sort of bond that would compel the customer to buy from that particular store as they feel that the brand has to be good as they have â€Å"heard† of it a lot. For instance, if the customer seeks unique design in exclusive magazines if they like it they will be bound to buy it. Hence the power of mass media should not be under estimated. The company should therefore promote its furniture in all the right places, as it tend to fulfill the requirement of the upper class it cant just advertise in any magazine but only exclusive ones which their target audience views. The same goes with TV ad’s the advertisement should be placed in between those TV soaps that are viewed by the target market. Additionally Personal Selling of the product should also be focused by training the sales person as to how to interact with clients. The salesperson shouldn’t pressurize the client yet he should give them the time and space they desire. The placement of the furniture, the store layout and environment should also be given due consideration as these are the elements that are self speaking prompting element for Throckmorten Furniture. But, the marketer should always remember that they shouldn’t overdue their promotion efforts. If they flood the consumers with varying sorts of promotion efforts than that would just lead to the waste of their efforts as they wouldn’t notice them. Moreover, nowadays   with the TiVo and other digital devices the consumers can easily block the marketers efforts hence they need to be more clever in making a promotional appeal that is short yet effective, that’s the key to success! References: Kotler , Philip , Armstrong, Gary (2007). Principles of Marketing,.Prentice Hall; 12 edition. Schiffman , Leon , Kanuk, Leslie (2006). Consumer Behavior .Prentice Hall; 9 edition . Blythe , Jim (1997). The Essence of Consumer Behaviour (Essence of Management Series) . Prentice Hall PTR.

Privacy-handling Techniques and Algorithms for Data Mining

Privacy-handling Techniques and Algorithms for Data Mining VIVEK UNIYAL ABSTRACT Data mining can extract a previously unknown patterns from vast collection of data. Nowadays networking, hardware and software technology are rapidly growing outstanding in collection of data amount. Organization are containing huge amount of data from many heterogeneous database in which private and sensitive information of an individual. In data mining novel pattern will be extracted from such data by which we can use for various domains in decision marketing. But in the data mining output there will be sensitive, private or personal information of a particular person can also be revealed. There will be some misuse of finding these types of information, and it can harm the data owner. So in distributed environment privacy is becoming an important issue in many applications of data mining. Techniques of Privacy preserving data mining (PPDM) are provide new direction to solve issues. By PPDM, we can find a valid data mining results without underlying data values learning. In this dissertation we have introduced two algorithms for privacy handling concern. One is k-anonymization in which information corresponding to any individual person in a release data cannot be distinguished from that of at least k-1 other individual persons whose information also appears in release data. In this algorithm we are achieving the k-anonimyzation some values must be suppressed or generalized in database. K-anonymity have record linkage attack mode and l-diversity can have attack mode of attribute linkage. KEYWORDS: Data Mining, Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Mining, Privacy handking, K-anonymization Algorithm, L-diversity. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to all the people who have extended their cooperation in various ways during my dissertation. It is my pleasure to acknowledge the help of all those individuals. First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my dissertation supervisor, Mr. Govind Kamboj without whom none of this would have been possible. He provided me always the essential direction and advice during the work. I am grateful to him to give a shape towards completion of my dissertation. Without his supervision and support, this work would not have been completed successfully in time. I am grateful to the President, Vice President, Chancellor, Vice Chancellor and Head of the Department of the Graphic Era University for providing an excellent environment for work with ample facilities and academic freedom. I would also like to thank the teaching and non-teaching staff for their valuable support during M.Tech. Last but not the least; I am grateful to all my teachers and friends for their cooperation and encouragement throughout completing this task. (Vivek Uniyal) M.Tech( Computer Science Engineering) TABLE OF CONTENTS CANDIDATES DECLERATION iii ABSTRACT iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix LIST OF FIGURES x 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Problem Statement 1 1.2 Overview 1 1.3 Advantages of data mining 3 1.4 Disadvantages of data mining 4 1.5 Why privacy-handling is required in data-mining 4 1.6 Motivation 6 1.7 Organization 4 2. BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE SURVEY 7 3. METHODS AND METHODOLOGIES 13 3.1 Randomization method 13 3.2 Group based anonymization methods 14 3.2.1 K-Anonymity framework 14 3.2.2 Personalized privacy-preservation 15 3.2.3 Utility based privacy-preservation 15 3.2.4 Sequential releases 15 3.2.5 The l-diversity method 15 3.3 Distributed privacy-preserving data mining 16 3.4 Detailed description about K-anonymity and l-diversity 16 3.4.1 Data collection and Data publishing 16 3.4.2 Privacy Data publishing 17 3.4.3 Algorithm of k-anonimity 19 3.4.4 l-diversity 24 3.4.1.1 Lack of diversity 25 3.4.1.2 Strong background knowledge 25 4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT 27 4.1 Introduction 27 4.2 Experimental result 27 4.2.1 Result of proposed k-anonymity and l-diversity 27 5. CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK 33 5.1 Conclusion 33 5.2 Scope for Future Work 33 PUBLICATION OUT OF THIS WORK 34 REFERENCES 35 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS PPDP Privacy-preserving data publishing PPDMPrivacy-preserving data mining QID Quasi-Identifier LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Data mining a step included in the process of knowledge discovery 1 Figure 1.2 Typical data mining system architecture 2 Figure 1.3: Record Owner, Data Collection and Data Publishing 17 Figure 1.4: Hospital Database 18 Figure 1.5 Taxonomy tree for JOB, SEX, AGE (QID attributes) 20 Figure 1.6 Hospital table Original record in data base 21 Figure 1.7 Table of Sensitive record (Publishing data) 21 Figure 1.8 Table of External Data ppt table 22 Figure 1.9 Resulting data after linking the sensitive and ppl table 22 Figure 1.10 Research table (generalized with k-anonymous published data) 23 Figure 1.11 Extended table (For linking like generalized voter list) 23 Figure 1.12 For checking the k- anonymity 23 Figure 1.13 Result of linking the table research to extended 24 Figure 1.14 Hospital original data record Project 28 Figure 1.15 Comparing the Un-Generalized published and extended data tables 29 Figure 1.16 Comparing Generalized Extended and Sensitive table records 30 Figure 1.17 Table for k-anonymity and l-diversity 32 Figure 1.18 Plotting exact l-value and distinct l-diversity value in weka 33 Figure 1.19 Plotting exact l-value and entropy l-diversity value in weka 33

Chernobyl Essay -- Nuclear Chernobyl History Essays

Chernobyl On April 26, 1986 disaster struck the world. It was not a disaster like any other before. A new type of death was now shown to the world. Although during World War II people encountered radiation sickness and death, that was sadly intended. The explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear powerstation was undoubtedly the worlds largest nuclear accident. That was the difference. It was accidental, and although innocent people were killed or made sick in the past from radiation, this would prove to be the most disastrous of any incident (other that war) involving radiation. First of all, I should tell you exactly where Chernobyl is. Chernobyl is a rather small town in the Ukraine right near Belarus. It is north of Kiev, the Capital of Ukraine. Kiev is only One hundred and ten kilometers away from Chernobyl and has a population of 2.4 million. Chernobyl’s population is 12,500. In 1986, 10 percent of all the worlds nuclear energy was generated by the USSR. By the year of the accident (also 1986) 4 reactors at Chernobyl’s power station were the most modern reactors to date. These are known as the RBMK type. RBMK is a Russian acronym and when translated roughly means â€Å"reactor cooled by water and moderated by graphite.† This is one of two types of reactors that Soviets have built for the production of nuclear power. The reactor is made up of Three main important parts. The reactor vessel- this houses all other reactor parts. The Core- this consitsts of a huge container filled with the graphite blocks and the Control Rods which are long metal rods. In the Chernobyl reactors, these rods contain boron. They help to control chain reactions by absorbing f... ...incident, put an end to the development of nuclear power plants. Since 1979 no new nuclear power plants have been builtâ€Å"...http://library.thinkquest.org/3426/data/worldwide-effects/rest.html The fact that no more nuclear power plants have been created has created a big issue. Eventually we may be forced to build a new one. In fact plans are already being discussed about how to go about building these or finding alternative energy sources. Storage is also a problem because of the nuclear waste, that no one wants to claim responsibility for, and no one wants to deal with the risks of it. (nimby) So in a few years, changes are going to occur, and I heard it here in class first. That when we hear about the National Guard escorting trucks to Alaska through Canada or trucks containing nuclear waste being escorted through highways, the change has begun.

Life of Orenthal James Simpson Essay

One of the most famous and publicly known cases of all time is the OJ Simpson murder case. This case was publicly announced for many years. It was very popular because not only was O. J. Simpson a famous former American football star but also an actor that had been accused of a very serious crime that changed his life forever. Although the case was publicly announced, many people don’t know many of the specifics about his early childhood, his athletic career and most importantly about the famous murder trial. Orenthal James Simpson was born on July 9, 1947 in San Francisco, California. He lived in a very low-income neighborhood outside of San Francisco. His parents were Eunice and James Lee Simpson. At two years old, Simpson contracted rickets, leaving his legs skinny, pigeon-toed. He had to wear a pair of shoes connected by an iron bar for a few hours almost every day until he was five. Being that his parents were very poor, they were unable to afford surgery for Simpson. This caused many of his childhood friends to make fun of him. In 1952, his mother and father separated. Along with a brother and two sisters, he was raised by his mother in Potrero Hill district of San Francisco. In order to maintain four children, Simpson’s mother worked at a psychiatric ward’s office. His mother was always there for him when he needed her. (Karpinski, 2012) During Simpson’s adolescence his experiments on the wrong side of the law would change his life forever. At the age of 13, he joined a local gang known as the Persian Warriors where Simpson would engage in stealing and getting into fights. One fight landed him at the San Francisco Youth Guidance Center for about a week in 1962. (Karpinski, 2012). Simpson’s early interests in sports were strongly encouraged by his mother. When Simpson attended Galileo High School he played for the school football team, the Galileo Lions. Simpson, however, didn’t have the grades to go on to a reputable school and instead played at City College of San Francisco. (A&E Television Networks). At City College, Simpson quickly garnered notice averaging 9. 3 yards per carry and scoring fifty-four touchdowns. Of the fifty colleges that tried to recruit him after his sophomore year, Simpson chose the University of Southern California in which his career began to unravel. (Karpinski, 2012). At the University of Southern California, He played running-back for the football team between 1967 and 1968. In 1967 he ran 1,451 yards and scored 11 touchdowns. In 1968, he led the nation, running 1,709 yards. Simpson was a key player in what is regarded as one of the greatest American football games of the 20th century. Starring in the 1967 USC vs.  UCLA football game, his 64-yard touchdown run in the 4th quarter tied the game. Simpson enjoyed the attention of the nation playing in a national championship game and setting college football records with his physical abilities and charming personality. Before signing his first NFL contract, Simpson had already signed a three-year, $250,000, endorsement deal with Chevrolet. Before he played in his first NFL game, he had already made a guest appearance on the television drama, â€Å"Medical Center. † Simpson was drafted by the Buffalo Bills with the first pick of the draft. His first few years in the NFL were uneventful. He was rarely used in his rookie season, gaining only 697 yards in 1969. The following year he suffered a knee-injury. Also known by his nickname, The Juice, Simpson topped 1,000 yards rushing five consecutive years from 1972 to 1976 and led the National Football League four times. In 1973 he became the first NFL player to rush for over 2,000 yards in a season. In 1979, after being traded to the San Francisco 49ers, Simpson retired from the NFL ending his football career. After completing his career with the San Francisco 49ers and retiring from professional football in 1979, Simpson moved on to a profitable career in television commercials, as a sportscaster and an actor. He appeared in several films called The Klansman and Naked Gun. On June 24, 1967, Simpson married Marguerite L. Whitley. They had three children, including Aaren Lashone Simpson, born on September 24, 1977. Tragically, Aaren drowned in a swimming pool at the family home just before her second birthday. This was a very difficult time for both Simpson and Marguerite. Marguerite and Simpson divorced in 1979, just months after the incident. (Orenthal J. Simpson). Simpson’s second marriage was to Nicole Brown, in 1985. Nicole and Simpson had two children named Sydney and Justin. Nicole Brown Simpson often complained to friends and family that Simpson would often hit and beat her, but he denied ever hitting her. Nicole filed for divorce in 1992 and in 1989 he had been charged with domestic violence against her and pleaded no contest. Simpson’s reputation, however, was unharmed and he received a relatively light sentence of probation, community service and fines. On June 12, 1994, with two small children lying in their beds asleep, Nicole and friend Ronald Goldman were both found stabbed to death outside of her home. Detectives immediately focused their investigation on Simpson for committing the murders. Simpson, away on a business trip received the news. On June 17, after failing to turn himself in, he became a part of a low-speed pursuit in a white Ford Bronco SUV that interrupted coverage of the 1994 NBA Finals. During this speed chase Simpson held a gun to his head to commit suicide but did not go through with it. The pursuit, arrest, and trial were among the most widely publicized events in American history. The trial, often characterized as â€Å"the trial of the century,† ended on October 3, 1995 in a jury verdict of not guilty for the two murders. O. J. Simpson’s defense counsel included Johnnie Cochran, Robert Kardashian, and F. Lee Bailey. (Cerasini, 1994) The verdict was seen live on TV by more than half of the U. S. population, making it one of the most watched events in American TV history. Though acquitted, many people still considered Simpson to be guilty. In 1997, a civil court found Simpson responsible for their wrongful deaths of Brown and Goldman, and ruled against him for a $33. 5 million judgment which Simpson was ordered to pay. In 2006, O. J. Simpson once again entered the spotlight by producing a book, titled, â€Å"If I did it†, in which Simpson writes a first-person fictional account of the murders as if he had actually committed them. This controversial book was withdrawn by the publisher just before its release. The book was later released by the Goldman family with the edited title of â€Å"If I Did It: Confessions of the Killer . The Goldman family still believes that O. J. Simpson killed Nicole Brown. (Cerasini, 1994) In September 2007, Simpson was arrested in Las Vegas, Nevada, and charged with several felonies, including armed robbery and kidnapping. In 2008 he was found guilty and sentenced to a 33-year prison sentence, with a minimum of nine years in prison without a chance of parole. In June of 2011, O. J. Simpson again returned to the public eye as speculation rose about a potential interview with Oprah Winfrey, who publicly commented that she wanted to interview Simpson for her Oprah Winfrey Network, and wanted to ask im if he did, indeed, kill Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman. The talk show host made headlines saying that one of her regrets was never having got Simpson to confess to the killing. And it appears her wish may well have come true with reports that Simpson has already told one of her producers in an interview from jail that he knifed ex-wife Nicole in self-defense claiming that he had got into an argument outside of Nicole’s home and she had threatened him with a knife. Orenthal James Simpson is currently serving his sentence at the Lovelock Correctional Center in Lovelock, Nevada. Cerasini, 1994) With all things considered, OJ Simpson had an eventful childhood. Although he gained fame for his sporting achievements throughout his adolescence he became infamous after being accused of murdering his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend, Ronald Goldman. Orenthal James Simpson went from having a successful life to being known as a criminal. And although it may have seemed that he got away with murder, his life story shows that in the end people will pay for the crimes they will commit.

Policing: Police and Stakeholder Groups

Community policing is a method of enforcing the law and philosophy based on the perception that collaboration and support of the society and police can help reduce crime, the fear of crime and to alleviate the social problems that lead to crime and. The members of the community help to identify suspects, to restrain offenders, report crimes to police and to address the social problems that lead to increase in the crime rates in the first place.Community policing advocates for organizational strategies that incorporate community-police partnerships and problem-solving methods, which seek to deal with the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as social disorder fear of crime and crime itself. There are three gears of community policing; collaboration with the community, resolving the problem affecting the community and transformation of the police organization (Trojanowicz & Bucqueroux, 1994). Other attributes of community policing are partnership, personaliz ed approach, permanent, proactive, patrols and problem solving.Community partnerships refer to the collaboration between the police and the members of the community they serve. These include individuals, private businesses, organizations, community groups, media, and other government agencies. It involves bringing together the law enforcers and various stakeholder groups together so that they develop solutions to the problems and build trust in the police. These partnerships give the stakeholder groups an opportunity to input their ideas and views into the police process; this is done as part of community support and participation.Organizational Transformation involves the restructuring of the structure, information systems, personnel, and management practices to take in the community partnerships and problem solving. It seeks to reinvent the police departments, transform their leadership organizational culture, relationship with other stakeholder groups and agencies, service delive ry, and improve the public perception of the police. The transformation seeks to move away from the traditional view of police to a better force.An example is the shift from the traditional view that the police are the principal government agency that enforces the law to the community policing view that police are community members and all the stakeholder groups are the police; the police officers are just employed to dedicate their full time to the duties of every community member (Palmiotto, 2000). Problem solving involves the engagement of the law enforcers and stakeholder groups in analyzing and identifying the problems and then developing appropriate effective responses.Trojanowicz et al. (1998) explains the SARA (Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment) model of problem solving which is applied in community policing projects. Scanning: identifying the problems based on priorities. Analysis: entails finding out the known facts about the problem. Response: entails coming up with solutions, which will permanently reduce incidences and extent of problems. Assessment: determining whether the problems have changed, and establishing the outcome of the responses.Police subculture refers to a situation where the police officers, instead of adhering to the set professional code of conduct, they come up with their own individual code of ethics. They put loyalty to their fellow colleagues first at the expense of protecting and serving the community. Palmiotto (2000) describes it as â€Å"the blue curtain† and some of its characteristics are cynicism, isolation from others, tribal/racist and ethnic. This clannish mindset results from three factors. First, police officers are the only real crime fighters and are easily identified because of uniforms, badges and guns.Secondly, they have a similar way of life; only police can understand police. They face the same challenges, risks, dangers, and rewards which the public do not have an idea. Lastly, that they are targets of criminals and perceive that various stakeholder groups such as concerned individuals, politicians and bureaucrats do not support them. It is true racist notions of certain communities dominate that police subculture. After the 1970s' police reforms, there has been a gradual rise in minority officers. By mid 1990s, African American officers composed most of the force in Detroit, Washington, D. C. , and Atlanta.However, in states like Miami, Hispanic and African American officers comprised 48 percent and 17 percent respectively (Walker, 1999). Supporters of these transformational efforts recommended that minority officers had less likelihood of using force against minority suspects, and were less likely to be biased against them. Further, they suggested that minority officers would have an improved connection with minority citizens. Indeed, studies have proven that there exists major difference in the attitudes of white officers and minority citizens, though only a smal l number of differences in actual behavior and performance have been reported.Such other noteworthy differences are also seen in the attitudes of minority and white officers toward community policing policies. For instance, a research on police officers working in minority districts in New York City shows that minority officers had positive attitudes about the districts and citizens in the districts they worked. Compared to their white counterparts, it was found out that minority officers adopted a positive attitude towards the community policing initiatives and the society, (Walker, 1999). Besides the race discrimination, there also is the gender bias.With the steady rise in the number of female officers, there have been many theories advanced concerning the attitudes and conduct of males compared to female officers. Those supporting the recruitment of more female officers argued that females would conduct themselves better verbally when handling difficult circumstances, and would be less aggressive. Those against the hiring of female officers put forward the fact that female officers were poor in handling aggressive situations, and faced greater risk resulting in the rise, in officer safety problem.Additionally, they disputed the capabilities of female officers arguing that they would be more like social workers than law enforcers would. Studies have indicated that there are no major variations in attitudes, performance, and on-job-conduct between male and female officers; however, there is a subculture, which underscores the existence of gender discrimination (Palmiotto, 2000). These notions have eventually evolved to police subcultures, which are widely practiced by the police officers.These notions become practices because officers believe that they have the freedom and the right to act or make a judgment based on their own independent choice and thought. The police work usually draws individuals who are naturally dictatorial and guarded; new recruits int o the police force are socialized in the environment full of the subcultures leads to the development and adoption of these traits. Cynicism starts in the military-type police training colleges and gradually rises with years of service; lack of job satisfaction and promotions usually precipitates it (Trojanowicz & Bucqueroux, 1994).Some of these widespread subcultures are intimidation, offensive language, harassment, and unnecessary or excessive use of force. Others are the codes of silence and the â€Å"cop code† (Lawrence, 2010). In the codes of silence, the officer covers evidence, assaults a suspect, or breaks a law to implement another; other officers either overlook or abet contravention of their professional code of ethics. A famed incident of law transgression by the police officers is Rampart scandal in which many of Los Angeles Police Department officers engaged in wanton shootings, assault, faking evidence and drug trafficking (Lawrence, 2010).The cop code comes in when the society feels that the police officers do not follow their code of conduct; it cultivates a sense of mistrust and contempt of the police department. In minority areas, the public starts to view the police as a face for ethnic discrimination. Because of this, the community loses trust in police and refuses to in help them solve crimes and may sometimes culminate in riots. To overcome these embedded notions, a lot needs to be done. Some measures that can be used include controlling the day-to-day police work, raising the education standards for recruits, and improving training.It is widely argued that officers with higher education levels are better equipped to deal with the demanding duties of police officer, their conduct is better, are more likely to use alternatives to arrest, and more restrained in using force against suspects. This is clearly demonstrated in female and minority officers, where it has been proven that officers with higher education have a better view co mmunity policing and more positive attitude towards the citizens (Trojanowicz et al. 1998). Necessary reforms should be instituted and an independent, internal affairs monitoring system be put in place.Watchdogs and community organizations can help make sure that the police force is free of misconduct and corruption. The professional code of conduct and ethics for police officers should be designed in such a way that it incorporates the universal principles of policing. According to Walker (1999), the code should incorporate three important aspects; it should ensure equal protection for all in spite of race, gender, identity, or social status of the lawbreaker. The rule of law must apply to everyone including the law enforcers, and the police must be of high moral conduct greater than that of many members of the public.It should have checks and balances to prevent abuse of power and illegitimate use their power for personal gain. There should be clear guidelines on the use of force; policies should limit the use of excessive force on unarmed or non-dangerous criminals. There should be improved supervision and necessary disciplinary measures taken for the officers who contravene the professional code of conduct. In addition, psychological screenings and intensive screening of the backgrounds of potential police officers should be done to avoid officers with antisocial personalities (Walker, 1999).Community policing involves the police-stakeholder groups partnerships to identify and solve the crimes and social disorders that affect the community through delivering police services and problem-solving tactics. It seeks to alleviate the fear of crime and ensure security and prosperity of the community. In implementing a community-policing program, the first step should be identifying and prioritizing the problems facing the community. The police subcultures play an important role as they can help to identify the possible drawbacks and causes of these problems.The m istrust in the police and few rogue individuals among the officers could be the cause and working on them could reverse the social problems facing the community. The police subcultures also help to understand the challenges to community policing, to identify whether the actual policing is taking place and to determine the future trends of community policing. The existence of a subculture shows that officers have several attitudes, values, and beliefs that are common to them. These practices, attitude, values, and beliefs are passed from officer to officer via the process of socialization.These subcultures can aid in implementing community policing in that if the staffing, instruction, and on-the-street experiences of new recruits that socialize them into the police subculture are positive, the whole police force gradually becomes transformed positively. They can help to build a positive image of the police force. By creating, the trust of community members in the police, they will l ead to new collaborations in the betterment of the community welfare, and community policing as a whole.