Present Perfect Tense in Spanish

Present Perfect Tense in Spanish Despite its name, the present perfect tense in Spanish (and English as well) is used to refer to events that happened in the past. Its use in Spanish can be tricky, however, because its usage varies with region and it sometimes is used in slightly different ways than it is in English. In Spanish, the present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of haber followed by the past participle. (In English its the present tense of to have followed by the past participle.) It generally indicates that an action has been completed that has some bearing on the present. Forms of Present Perfect Tense Here are the forms in which the present perfect would be stated. Pronouns are included here for clarity but often arent necessary: yo he past participle (I have ...)tà º has past participle (you have ...)usted/à ©l/ella ha past participle (you have, he/she has ...)nosotros/nosotras hemos past participle (we have ...)vosotros/vosotras habà ©is past participle (you have ...)ustedes/ellos/ellas han past participle (you have, they have ...) Note that while in English, as in some of the examples above, it is possible to separate the have from the past participle, in Spanish you normally dont separate  haber  from participles. However, if haber applies to two participles, the second haber can be omitted, as in the second sample sentence below. Sample Sentences Here are some examples of sentences using the present perfect tense along with the way theyd most commonly be translated: Me he comprado una esponja rosa. (I have bought a pink sponge.) ¡Es lo mejor que he visto y escuchado en mi vida! (Its the best thing I have seen and heard in my life!) ¿Alguna vez has hablado con las ranas a medianoche? (Have you talked with the frogs at midnight?)Todos lo hemos pensado. (All of us have thought it.)Minerva ha conocido ya a los padres de su novio. (Minerva has already met her boyfriends parents.)Siempre he anhelado tener un metabolismo con el cual pueda comer lo que quiera. (I have always wanted to have a metabolism that would let me eat whatever I want.)Hay videojuegos que han hecho historia. (There are video games that have made history.)He leà ­do y acepto la polà ­tica de privacidad. (I have read and I accept the privacy policy.) Subjunctive Use The subjunctive present perfect functions in much the same way: Mi amiga niega que su madre haya comprado un regalo para el perro. (My friend denies that her mother has bought a gift for the dog.)Titular: 14 piscinas que no se parecen a nada que hayas visto antes. (Headline: 14 swimming pools that dont seem like anything you have seen before.)Es probable que hayan escondido micrà ³fonos en la casa y està ©n escuchando nuestras conversaciones. (It is likely that they have hidden microphones in the house and are listening to our conversations.)El la eleccià ³n ms sucia que hayamos conocido en los à ºltimos tiempos. (It is the dirtiest election that we have known in recent times.) Present Perfect With Meaning of the Preterite You should be aware, however, that the Spanish present perfect tense should not always be thought of as the equivalent of the English present perfect tense. In many regions, it can be used as the equivalent of the English simple past tense. Sometimes the context will make this clear: Ha llegado hace un rato. (She arrived a little bit ago.)Cuando lo he visto no he podido creerlo. (When I saw it I couldnt believe it.)Leo la carta que me han escrito esta maà ±ana. (I am reading the letter they wrote to me this morning.)Esta maà ±ana he estado en Madrid. (This morning I was in Madrid.) But even where the context doesnt dictate so, the present perfect can be the equivalent of the English preterite, also known as the simple past. This is especially true for events that occurred very recently. Youre also more likely to hear the present perfect used in this way in Spain than in most of Latin America, where the preterite may be preferred (e.g., llegà ³ hace un rato). Key Takeaways The present perfect tense is formed by following the present tense of haber with a past participle.No words should intervene between haber and the participle.The Spanish present perfect sometimes is used to indicate than an action recently took place rather than merely that it has occurred.

Managing the People Dimension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Managing the People Dimension - Essay Example The author of the essay "Managing the People Dimension" begins with that the classical theory of management was developed and started being used, during the era of the industrial revolution, in the process of fashioning solutions to due to the problems facing the factory system. The main themes of the theory include the role of bureaucracy and increasing the productivity of organizations. The advantages of the classical theory of management include that it splits the workforce of an organization into groups, and it supports the division of labour. The disadvantages of the theory include that the developers relied on assumptions and used on untested assumptions. At the end of the paper the author comes to the interesting conclusion. The classical theory of management was conceived and its use started during the industrial revolution, following the collapse of the factory system. The theory emphasises the importance of expertise, rules and rationalization, with respect to the improveme nt of productivity and profitability. The main advantages of the theory include that the staffs are divided into different groups; it promotes the division of labour and emphasizes the importance of monetary incentives. The disadvantages of the theory include that the proponents relied on unfounded conclusions and it ignores informal relations and systems. In TMC, the company has used rationalization in the division of labour, the provision of employee training and the assessment and rating of employees based on performance.

Global tech change simulation final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global tech change simulation final paper - Essay Example To cater for such shortcomings, the change management plan was tailored accordingly. The outcomes of the change management simulation clearly provide that most objectives were met with. Evidence for this fact is provided by the many quantifiable indicators presented in the findings of the change management simulation. On the other hand, there are some areas, such as understanding the problem, where the quantifiable indicators could not score very well and hence it could be surmised that these areas could have benefited from better planning and implementation. If there were an opportunity to redo this project, the Understand part of the project, particularly problem identification, would be redone with greater objectivity to achieve greater success at it. In a similar manner, the Enlist part of the project could have done better through greater motivation to employees. Similarly, there were some loose ends in the Motivate and Communicate parts of the exercise that could have had better outcomes through better planning, implementation and reporting. Kotter’s change process carries a large amount of respect in contemporary change management practices given its efficacy in delivering on outcomes. The change management plan used for Global Tech is differentiated from Kotter’s change process although it does hold some comparable exponents. If the change plan for Global Tech is analyzed sequentially, it becomes clear that the first phase of the change plan â€Å"Understand† is in some part influenced by Kotter’s exponents of â€Å"Increase urgency† and â€Å"Get the vision right†. Kotter’s ideas on â€Å"Increase urgency† build on an examination of the market’s competitive nature and present challenges that require change. Similarly, Kotter’s ideas on â€Å"Get the vision right† rely on developing an understanding of where the organization is at and where it needs to go to meet looming challenges

The Construction Management Method for Public Sector Building Projects Research Paper

The Construction Management Method for Public Sector Building Projects - Research Paper Example Robert Black in his report of June 2004 listed the main cause of the delays to the project as the production of detailed design variations and the late supply of information during the construction. He, however, sighted other factors that contributed to the delays. One factor was the choice of construction management as a method of procuring the project. The Auditor-General commented that construction management is unsuited for most building projects in the public sector. He, however, sighted that construction management was not necessarily the wrong choice in the Holyrood case. It was only unfortunate that in the Holyrood case project management did not implement construction management fully in accordance with usual practice. The experience and expertise in construction management were not present in the early stages of the Holyrood project and therefore the risks and challenges were not fully appreciated by the client and project management. Wanna [2004] described this program as a very tight and far too ambitious construction program. This is so because in construction management the design is incomplete and uncertain when construction starts, so the risk stays with the client. The different forms of contracting are intended to transfer risk to those best able to manage it. The client must manage design development and get a project team that has professionals who are experienced in this construction method. Another major factor was the challenge of construction. This was due to the difficulties associated with the construction of such a complex and unusual building on a densely developed site. It was also expected to be completed against very tight deadlines.

Memorable and striking characters Essay Example for Free

Memorable and striking characters Essay Another way in which Charles Dickens creates memorable and striking characters is by the way he describes how the characters look, as in my opinion a description of what they look like helps me to remember the characters. We first hear Abel Magwitch rather than see him. When we do hear him we learn that he has a terrible voice. On our first impressions we could think he is a ghost as Dickens says, As a man started up from among the graves. Then a full description of Magwitch begins and Dickens throws lots of descriptive words at us in a rhythmic manner. Magwitch is first described as A fearful man All in coarse grey With a great iron on his leg. This is very monosyllabic, suggesting a very basic man. This also immediately gives us the impression that he is an escaped convict, which later in the story we find out he is. In Victorian times an escaped convict would have filled the reader with utter fear. Dickens also says that Magwitch isnt wearing any hat, which would be regarded as disrespectful, and that he is not a gentleman, as he isnt wearing a hat. Dickens also uses a lot of verbs in the description regarding the way Magwitch looks, such as: soaked smothered lamed cut stung and torn which suggests that the environment is hostile towards him and that it has disabled him in some way. There is also a strong sense of rhythm throughout the description, for example soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles and torn by briars. The Cut by flints is almost onomatopoeic in that it gives a choppy monosyllabic effect to capture the act. Dickens finishes off his description of Abel Magwitch by writing verbs like: shivered, limped, glared and growled. The glared and growled gives us alliteration and proves just how animal like he is, as Magwitch is conveyed as beast like in a wilderness, who is hunted by society. When Pip first sees Miss Havisham he describes her as The strangest lady he had ever seen. There is then a full description of Miss Havisham that proves just how strange and emotionally scared she is. Dickens says that she is dressed in rich materials- satins, and lace, and silks, we can tell from this that is an extremely upper class woman. We start to realise she is strange when Dickens says everything she wore was white. When he says white, we associate it with a wedding and we learn that she was abandoned at the altar later in the book. She has been at Manor/ Satis house for a long time, we can tell this when Dickens says, The dress she wore had lost its lustre, and was faded and yellow, and also when he says The bride within the bridal dress had withered like the dress. We can tell there is no hope left in her and that she is miserable when Charles Dickens says she has Sunken eyes. Now Pip sees her as Ghostly waxwork. Miss Havisham is regarded as waxwork, as skin and bones but also as a skeleton. She is like the living dead, if you excuse the oxymoron. The way the characters behave is another way in which Charles Dickens creates his memorable and striking characters. Magwitch behaves in a totally bizarre way with Pip, for example: he turns Pip upside down, which is a symbolic action for when he turns Pip upside down, its like he has turned Pips life upside down, which he eventually does. Magwitch also behaves differently as when he finds some bread in Pips pocket he eats the bread ravenously, which makes us realise just how hungry and animal like Magwitch is. Magwitch behaves very roughly with Pip as we can see from the descriptions Took me by both arms, and tilted me back as far as he could hold me. This is the action of a man who is desperate and needs Pips help. Miss Havisham also behaves not just strangely but the way she behaves is grotesque, as she tells Pip I have sick fancies, and I have sick fancies that I want to see some play. I mean who says that to a young boy, its just disgusting. She also orders Pip almost as soon as he gets through the door, I think that this is because she thinks that just because she is a wealthy she has the right to order Pip about because he is a working class boy. Another way in which she behaves strangely is that she talks out loud but doesnt seem to care if Pip can hear or understand what she is saying. The last way in which Dickens creates both memorable and striking characters is by the way he makes them speak. Speech is a very important vehicle in characterisation as it determine a lot about the characters, for example: where they are from and their social class. When both Magwitch and Miss Havisham speak, they both use imperatives but we realise that Magwitch needs to issue imperatives out of necessity whereas Miss Havisham wants to issue imperatives because she feels she can because she is an upper class woman and Pip is a working class boy. We realise that there is a lot of communication between Magwitch and Pip, but when Pip is with Miss Havisham he is the audience. We also realise that Magwitch uses you all the time whereas Miss Havisham uses I all the time, as she is full of self-absorption. When we first hear Abel Magwitch speak, he speaks with such force and aggression that we think he is a dangerous man. When Magwitch speaks he uses lots of imperatives, such as Keep still or Ill cut your throat! and Hold your noise! these two sentences are also part of a number of sentences that are monosyllabic. Dickens also uses lots of dialectal grammar for example, Tell us your name. When Magwitch says Pint out the place! this suggests that he may be from a particular region as pint is a dialectal word. When Magwitch says What fat cheeks you ha got it is quite comical in a way as Magwitch is so hungry he is wanting to eat Pips cheeks. When Magwitch turns away as he thinks that Pips mother is nearby we can tell that he lives a life of constantly been afraid. After Pip says that both his parents are dead Magwitch says Ha! but this Ha! is not an evil ha, it is a desperate man trying to sound sarcastic muttering, which proves just how desperate he is. When he learns that Pip is an orphan we see a side of him, a warm kind side when he asks all these questions, and Magwitch realises that he can depend on Pip. When he orders Pip by saying, You get me a file, and you get me wittles, and you bring em both to me we notice the repetition of the word you that suggests that Magwitch is desperate and in a panic, and that Pip (this young boy) is the only person who can help him. When Magwitch describes the man who is in hiding with him, he creates the most horrific and violent imagery, which indeed scares Pip. When Pip says Goo- good night sir Magwitch replies with Much of that, I wish I was a frog, or an eel which proves just how much he hates himself, and that he wants to be someone/ something else, and with that he goes limping into the distance. When we first hear Miss Havisham she comes across as a little, sad, vulnerable, weak, feeble old lady when she says Who is it? however, even though she says this, it arouses our suspicions because she was the person who invited him, so therefore, is expecting him. When Miss Havisham is speaking there is a lot of commands that are styled as imperatives. Miss Havisham starts to open out when she says You are not afraid of a woman who has never seen the son since you were born? When she says this, it is effective sibilance; it is also taunting and full of utter spite. What do I touch broken this sentence is Miss Havishams monologue, it is also full of spite, this sentence is also a very odd thing to say to a young boy such as Pip. When Miss Havisham says, I am tired, I want diversion, and I have done with men and women, play! we see that it is all about her, it is full of self-absorption, as she is always saying I the readers also realise that something is not quite right when she says this sentence. She then becomes extremely insulting towards Pip when she says Are you Sullen and Obstinate which proves that Miss Havisham is extremely well educated owing to the long sentences and the complex vocabulary she employs. She also talks in riddles when she says So new to him, so old to me, so strange to him, so familiar to me which is not only comparing herself to Pip, but when she says this sentence, its like she doesnt care if Pip hears and understands her or not. Miss Havisham doesnt think that Pip can do anything for himself and she proves this by saying You can do that. Call Estella. At the door, which is ordering Pip to call Estella in a strange house. I think this is one reason why Pip feels very uncomfortable in Manor house, as it is totally outside his experience- a working class boy in the presence of middle/ high-class society. When Miss Havisham says to Estella Well you can break his heart we see what her plan is and Miss Havisham is also been very horrible. When she asks Pip, what does he think of Estella? She is being a bit cheeky, quite controlling and very mean, but it is the only sentence she says to him politely. When he does say (in her ear) Miss Havisham keeps prompting him, which in my opinion is very taunting, but overall that is what Miss Havisham is. So to conclude there are three main ways, in which Charles Dickens creates his memorable and striking characters. Firstly by the way he describes the setting, secondly by the way Dickens delineates the characters, for example: the way the characters look and behave and thirdly by the way the characters speak. We have learnt that Abel Magwitch is a kind, desperate man who needed Pips help, and that Miss Havisham is a strange, grotesque, mean old lady who just likes to boss people around, having said this, in my opinion the reader feels a small amount of sympathy for her. We wouldnt expect that Magwitch and Miss Havisham are totally reversed on our first impressions, but the whole theme is about our expectations. Dickens has created a number of successful characters, and because of their capturing description we can hear and see the characters, and because we know them and Dickens has brought them alive, we remember them for the rest of our lives.

Popular Culture Essays

Popular Culture Essays Popular culture is always defined, implicitly or explicitly, in contrast to other conceptual categories: folk culture, mass culture, dominant culture John Storey, 2006, p.1 Before we look into more depth about the term popular culture we must first determine what it actually means. Firstly to break the term down, Raymond Williams says culture is one of the two or three most complicated words in the English language (cited storey 2006). To understand what William means we will take a look at his definitions. William refers to culture in three ways, firstly he states culture could be seen as a general process of intellectual, spiritual and aesthetic development. The examples storey gives are great philosophers, great artists and great poets which noticeably the word great is used giving a sense of high culture. Secondly a particular way of life, whether a people, a period or a group (ibid). - Popular Culture Now we have determined what the terms popular and culture mean we can now look at the word as a whole. Storey states that Popular culture is the culture that is left over after we have decided what is high culture (Storey 2009, p. 6). Popular culture is therefore seen as inferior culture or low culture (ibid). When you think about popular culture in this way there comes a problem, who determines which category it falls into. Storey states to be real culture, it has to be difficult therefore creating a division to who can and who can not. Pierre Bourdieu argues that cultural distinctions of this kind are often used to support class distinctions. Taste is a deeply ideological category: it functions as a marker of class (Bourdieu 1984). Popular culture is often taken from culture, diluted and then distributed to the masses for personal gain. Sub cultures are created to help a group of people who feel left out from society, find there place. When looking at sub cultures, they are often associated with the youth of society. It could be argued that sub cultures are made possible because the youth within society have much more leisure time. (Lifestyle) The reason for this is said to be because of the generation gap. Some sub cultures create a moral panic because it challenges the norm and goes against how the people should think and what they should be doing. In doing so they create there ideology according to how they feel about society which is often opposed to the elite. If this is the case then it suggests a political dimension to what popular culture is so therefore it is not just about leisure or entertainment. Popular culture and the mass media go hand in hand because the media creates a distorted image of how the world is and the masses are said to passively consume it. Popular culture is also argued to divert people away from what is important which is said to be beneficiary for the elite, an example of this is capitalism. (Storey 2006) Ideology conceals the reality of domination from those in power: the dominant class dont see themselves as exploiter or oppressors. More importantly though it works in favour of the elite as Storey states Ideology conceals the reality of subordination from those who are powerless: the subordinate class dont see themselves as exploited or oppressed. One of the most significant ideological practices in recent years has been the categorical dividing of what is popular and what is classical. Storey states the division between high and popular cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is absolutely clearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and transhistorical-fixed for all time. Up until recent years the divions of the two were quite prominent but with groups like Escala (who were on Britains got talent) the divide becomes blurry. Groups like Escala play classical music in a different way to the norm but which is still classical and since they were on a popular show they made classical music popular. But that does not mean it will stay that way because if you look at some of the Cds they are bringing out for classical music now with such titles as Pure Classical which may seem innocent but could be argued that the elite are trying to police the boundaries. The real question what has been discussed is, value. As we have look in the first part of this essay, culture is not a fixed thing, it changes over time. A prime example of this would be opera. It started off for working class people but over time soon change and now is for the elite in society. If you were to look at the price it started off at it was only a few pennies but now the price of a ticket is quite high which therefore excludes people from taking part. Another example of this would be of you were to take a look at Pavarotti who had top selling albums and chart toppers, who then went to put on a performance in Hyde park for free and a woman attending give a comment to say I cant afford to go to the posh opera houses and folk out  £100 for a ticket. Yet again you could see some of the elite trying to police the boundaries by giving bad reviews saying the park is no place for opera. When you take that review and think about what they are really mean, they are saying it should stay in the opera house and keep its exclusiveness . Ideologies gain persuasive powers to either directly or indirectly influence the way people live, how they behave and how they relate to each other. Ideology can be understood by a set of values and ideas that a certain group shares.

Symbolism in August Wilsons Piano Lesson Essay -- August Wilson essay

In The Piano Lesson each central character learns a lesson. August Wilson uses plenty of symbolism throughout his play, the strongest symbol being the piano itself, representing the family's history, their long struggle, and their burden of their race. Throughout the play, the conflict revolves around the piano, and Berniece and Boy Willie's contrasting views about its significance and about what should be done with it. Berniece is ashamed and cannot let go of the past, or the piano, and Boy Willie wants to move his life forward, and use the piano to do so. Wilson portrays the 'lesson' of the piano as accepting and respecting one's past and moving on with one's life gracefully, through Berniece and Boy Willies contrasting actions and the play's climactic resolution. Berniece believes the piano represents the spirits of the past and should be left alone and never bothered, and is afraid to accept or embrace her family?s history. The piano represents a particularly bloody and disturbing past for her. She sees Sutter?s ghost and senses his presence, and is constantly haunted by the thought of the dead spirits coming into her life. She believes the piano stands for the bloodshed in her family?s history, and is ashamed of the violence associated with obtaining it. When encouraged to play the piano, she refuses steadfastly, saying ?that piano?s got blood on it.? She thinks that the spirits in the piano are bad, and is ashamed of the bloodshed they have caused. ?All this killing and thieving,? she exclaims. Berniece also believes the piano has strong sentimental value, and won?t agree to let go of it any way. She remembers how her mother cared so much about it. Berniece says, ?For seventeen years she rubbed on it till her hands bled.... ..., and Boy Willie finally realizes the true power and significance of the piano, the conflict is resolved. Wilson demonstrates how one should accept and respect the past, move on with their life or slow down to pay respects to their family?s history, by describing the struggle over a symbolic object representing the past like the piano. Often people will sulk in the past and struggle with themselves and the people around them when they cannot come to terms with their personal history or a loss. Others will blatantly ignore their personal history and sell valuable lessons and pieces of it for a quick buck to advance their own lives. Berniece and Boy Willie in The Piano Lesson are great examples of these people. Through these contrasting characters and supernatural occurrences, Wilson tells the tale of overcoming and embracing a rough and unsettling family history.